Ryan retweeted
SYSTEM DESIGN ROADMAP
β
βββ 1. Computer Science Fundamentals
β βββ How the Internet Works
β βββ Client-Server Architecture
β βββ HTTP & HTTPS
β βββ DNS (Domain Name System)
β βββ TCP & UDP
β βββ IP Addresses & Ports
β βββ OSI Model
β βββ Network Protocols
β βββ REST Architecture
β βββ WebSockets
β βββ Operating System Fundamentals
β βββ Processes & Threads
β βββ Concurrency & Parallelism
β βββ Memory Management
β βββ CPU & I/O Basics
β βββ Linux Fundamentals
β
βββ 2. System Design Fundamentals
β βββ What is System Design?
β βββ What is Software Architecture?
β βββ Monolithic Architecture
β βββ Microservices Architecture
β βββ Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
β βββ Client-Server Architecture
β βββ Three-Tier Architecture
β βββ Layered Architecture
β βββ Event-Driven Architecture
β βββ Serverless Architecture
β βββ Distributed Systems Basics
β βββ Stateful vs Stateless Systems
β βββ Synchronous vs Asynchronous Communication
β βββ Architectural Trade-offs
β
βββ 3. Requirements & Design Fundamentals
β βββ Functional Requirements
β βββ Non-Functional Requirements
β βββ Scalability
β βββ Availability
β βββ Reliability
β βββ Maintainability
β βββ Fault Tolerance
β βββ Performance
β βββ Latency & Throughput
β βββ Consistency
β βββ Durability
β βββ Security
β βββ Capacity Estimation
β βββ Back-of-the-Envelope Calculations
β βββ Traffic Estimation
β βββ Storage Estimation
β βββ Bandwidth Estimation
β
βββ 4. Networking & Communication
β βββ HTTP Methods
β βββ HTTP Status Codes
β βββ HTTP Headers
β βββ Cookies & Sessions
β βββ TLS / SSL
β βββ REST APIs
β βββ GraphQL
β βββ gRPC
β βββ WebSockets
β βββ Server-Sent Events (SSE)
β βββ Long Polling
β βββ API Versioning
β βββ API Rate Limiting
β βββ Connection Pooling
β βββ Keep-Alive Connections
β
βββ 5. Database Fundamentals
β βββ Relational Databases
β β βββ PostgreSQL
β β βββ MySQL
β β βββ Tables & Relationships
β β βββ Primary & Foreign Keys
β β βββ Indexing
β β βββ B-Tree & B+ Tree
β β βββ Query Optimization
β β βββ Joins
β β βββ Transactions
β β βββ ACID Properties
β β βββ Normalization & Denormalization
β βββ NoSQL Databases
β β βββ Document Databases
β β βββ Key-Value Stores
β β βββ Wide-Column Stores
β β βββ Graph Databases
β β βββ MongoDB / Cassandra / DynamoDB
β βββ Database Internals
β β βββ Storage Engines
β β βββ Write-Ahead Logging (WAL)
β β βββ MVCC
β β βββ Locking
β β βββ Isolation Levels
β βββ Database Design Decisions
β βββ SQL vs NoSQL
β βββ Schema Design
β βββ Read-Heavy vs Write-Heavy Workloads
β βββ Data Modeling
β
βββ 6. Caching
β βββ What is Caching?
β βββ Cache Hierarchy
β βββ Client-Side Caching
β βββ Browser Caching
β βββ CDN Caching
β βββ Application-Level Caching
β βββ Database Caching
β βββ Redis
β βββ Memcached
β βββ Cache-Aside Pattern
β βββ Read-Through Cache
β βββ Write-Through Cache
β βββ Write-Back Cache
β βββ Cache Invalidation
β βββ TTL (Time To Live)
β βββ Cache Eviction Policies
β β βββ LRU
β β βββ LFU
β β βββ FIFO
β βββ Cache Stampede
β βββ Distributed Caching
β
βββ 7. Load Balancing & Traffic Management
β βββ What is Load Balancing?
β βββ Layer 4 vs Layer 7 Load Balancing
β βββ Reverse Proxy
β βββ Forward Proxy
β βββ Nginx
β βββ HAProxy
β βββ Cloud Load Balancers
β βββ Round Robin
β βββ Least Connections
β βββ IP Hash
β βββ Consistent Hashing
β βββ Health Checks
β βββ Sticky Sessions
β βββ Horizontal Scaling
β βββ Vertical Scaling
β βββ Auto Scaling
β
βββ 8. Distributed Systems Fundamentals
β βββ What is a Distributed System?
β βββ Distributed System Challenges
β βββ CAP Theorem
β βββ PACELC Theorem
β βββ Consistency Models
β β βββ Strong Consistency
β β βββ Eventual Consistency
β β βββ Causal Consistency
β β βββ Read-Your-Writes Consistency
β βββ Replication
β β βββ Leader-Follower Replication
β β βββ Multi-Leader Replication
β β βββ Leaderless Replication
β βββ Sharding & Partitioning
β βββ Data Replication Strategies
β βββ Distributed Transactions
β βββ Two-Phase Commit (2PC)
β βββ Consensus Algorithms
β β βββ Paxos
β β βββ Raft
β βββ Split Brain Problem
β βββ Quorum
β βββ Distributed Locking
β βββ Clock Synchronization
β βββ Idempotency
β
βββ 9. Message Queues & Event Streaming
β βββ Message Queue Fundamentals
β βββ Synchronous vs Asynchronous Processing
β βββ Producer-Consumer Pattern
β βββ Message Brokers
β βββ RabbitMQ
β βββ Apache Kafka
β βββ Redis Streams
β βββ Amazon SQS
β βββ Publish-Subscribe Pattern
β βββ Event-Driven Architecture
β βββ Topics & Partitions
β βββ Consumer Groups
β βββ Message Ordering
β βββ Delivery Guarantees
β β βββ At-Most-Once
β β βββ At-Least-Once
β β βββ Exactly-Once Semantics
β βββ Dead Letter Queues
β βββ Retry Mechanisms
β βββ Event Replay
β βββ Event Sourcing
β
βββ 10. Scalability & Performance
β βββ Horizontal vs Vertical Scaling
β βββ Stateless Services
β βββ Database Scaling
β βββ Read Replicas
β βββ Database Sharding
β βββ Partitioning Strategies
β βββ Connection Pooling
β βββ Query Optimization
β βββ CDN & Edge Computing
β βββ Data Compression
β βββ Pagination
β βββ Batching
β βββ Rate Limiting
β βββ Load Shedding
β βββ Backpressure
β βββ Hotspot Mitigation
β βββ Performance Bottleneck Analysis
β
βββ 11. Reliability & Fault Tolerance
β βββ Fault Tolerance Fundamentals
β βββ Redundancy
β βββ High Availability
β βββ Failover Strategies
β βββ Active-Active Architecture
β βββ Active-Passive Architecture
β βββ Circuit Breaker Pattern
β βββ Retry Pattern
β βββ Exponential Backoff
β βββ Timeout Management
β βββ Bulkhead Pattern
β βββ Graceful Degradation
β βββ Health Checks
β βββ Disaster Recovery
β βββ Backup & Restore
β βββ RPO & RTO
β βββ Chaos Engineering
β
βββ 12. Microservices Architecture
β βββ Monolith vs Microservices
β βββ Service Decomposition
β βββ Domain-Driven Design (DDD)
β βββ Bounded Contexts
β βββ Service Discovery
β βββ API Gateway
β βββ Backend for Frontend (BFF)
β βββ Inter-Service Communication
β βββ Synchronous Communication
β βββ Asynchronous Communication
β βββ Database Per Service
β βββ Saga Pattern
β βββ CQRS
β βββ Event Sourcing
β βββ Distributed Tracing
β βββ Service Mesh
β βββ Sidecar Pattern
β βββ Microservices Deployment Strategies
β
βββ 13. System Design Patterns
β βββ Singleton Pattern
β βββ Factory Pattern
β βββ Observer Pattern
β βββ Strategy Pattern
β βββ Adapter Pattern
β βββ Decorator Pattern
β βββ Repository Pattern
β βββ Dependency Injection
β βββ API Gateway Pattern
β βββ Strangler Fig Pattern
β βββ Sidecar Pattern
β βββ Ambassador Pattern
β βββ CQRS Pattern
β βββ Saga Pattern
β βββ Outbox Pattern
β βββ Retry Pattern
β βββ Circuit Breaker Pattern
β βββ Bulkhead Pattern
β
βββ 14. Security in System Design
β βββ Authentication & Authorization
β βββ OAuth 2.0
β βββ OpenID Connect
β βββ JWT
β βββ Session-Based Authentication
β βββ Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)
β βββ Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)
β βββ Encryption at Rest
β βββ Encryption in Transit
β βββ TLS
β βββ Password Hashing
β βββ API Security
β βββ Rate Limiting & DDoS Protection
β βββ SQL Injection
β βββ Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
β βββ CSRF
β βββ Secrets Management
β βββ Zero Trust Architecture
β βββ Audit Logging
β
βββ 15. Observability & Monitoring
β βββ Logging
β βββ Metrics
β βββ Distributed Tracing
β βββ OpenTelemetry
β βββ Prometheus
β βββ Grafana
β βββ ELK Stack
β βββ Alerting
β βββ Health Monitoring
β βββ SLI / SLO / SLA
β βββ Error Budgets
β βββ Latency Monitoring
β βββ Throughput Monitoring
β βββ Root Cause Analysis
β βββ Incident Management
β
βββ 16. Cloud & Infrastructure
β βββ Cloud Computing Fundamentals
β βββ AWS / GCP / Azure
β βββ Compute Services
β βββ Storage Services
β βββ Managed Databases
β βββ Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)
β βββ DNS & Networking in Cloud
β βββ Object Storage (S3)
β βββ Containers
β βββ Docker
β βββ Kubernetes
β βββ Container Orchestration
β βββ Infrastructure as Code
β β βββ Terraform
β β βββ CloudFormation
β βββ CI/CD Pipelines
β βββ Blue-Green Deployment
β βββ Canary Deployment
β βββ Rolling Deployment
β βββ Serverless Infrastructure
β
βββ 17. Storage Systems & File Architecture
β βββ Block Storage
β βββ File Storage
β βββ Object Storage
β βββ Distributed File Systems
β βββ Content Delivery Networks
β βββ File Upload Architecture
β βββ Multipart Upload
β βββ Resumable Uploads
β βββ Data Deduplication
β βββ Compression
β βββ Data Retention
β βββ Backup Strategies
β βββ Blob Storage
β βββ Metadata Management
β
βββ 18. Real-Time Systems
β βββ WebSockets
β βββ Server-Sent Events
β βββ Long Polling
β βββ Real-Time Notifications
β βββ Presence Systems
β βββ Heartbeats
β βββ Live Chat Architecture
β βββ Real-Time Collaboration
β βββ Pub/Sub Architecture
β βββ Fan-Out Strategies
β βββ Online Gaming Architecture
β βββ Real-Time Data Processing
β
βββ 19. Advanced Distributed Systems
β βββ Distributed Hash Tables
β βββ Consistent Hashing
β βββ Gossip Protocol
β βββ Merkle Trees
β βββ Vector Clocks
β βββ Lamport Clocks
β βββ CRDTs
β βββ Distributed Snapshots
β βββ Leader Election
β βββ Log Replication
β βββ Stream Processing
β βββ Apache Flink
β βββ Apache Spark
β βββ Data Locality
β βββ Multi-Region Architecture
β βββ Geo-Replication
β βββ Global Traffic Management
β
βββ 20. Low-Level Design (LLD)
β βββ Object-Oriented Design
β βββ SOLID Principles
β βββ DRY / KISS / YAGNI
β βββ UML Class Diagrams
β βββ Sequence Diagrams
β βββ State Diagrams
β βββ Class Relationships
β βββ Composition vs Inheritance
β βββ Interfaces & Abstractions
β βββ Design Patterns
β βββ Extensibility & Maintainability
β βββ Concurrency in LLD
β βββ Thread Safety
β βββ Common LLD Problems
β βββ Parking Lot
β βββ Library Management System
β βββ Elevator System
β βββ Splitwise
β βββ BookMyShow
β βββ Chess
β βββ Food Delivery System
β
βββ 21. High-Level Design (HLD)
β βββ Requirement Gathering
β βββ Functional & Non-Functional Requirements
β βββ API Design
β βββ Database Schema Design
β βββ Capacity Estimation
β βββ Component Diagrams
β βββ Data Flow Diagrams
β βββ Architecture Diagrams
β βββ Bottleneck Identification
β βββ Scaling Strategies
β βββ Reliability & Fault Tolerance
β βββ Security Considerations
β βββ Trade-off Analysis
β βββ Architecture Documentation
β βββ End-to-End System Design
β
βββ 22. System Design Case Studies
β βββ URL Shortener (TinyURL)
β βββ Pastebin
β βββ Rate Limiter
β βββ Notification System
β βββ News Feed (Facebook / Instagram)
β βββ Chat Application (WhatsApp)
β βββ Video Streaming (YouTube / Netflix)
β βββ Ride-Hailing (Uber)
β βββ Food Delivery (Swiggy / Zomato)
β βββ E-Commerce (Amazon)
β βββ Payment System
β βββ Search Engine
β βββ File Storage (Google Drive / Dropbox)
β βββ Ticket Booking (BookMyShow)
β βββ Social Media Platform (X)
β βββ Recommendation System
β βββ Distributed Cache (Redis)
β βββ Logging & Monitoring Platform
β βββ Web Crawler
β βββ Video Conferencing System
β
βββ 23. System Design Tools & Technologies
β βββ Programming Languages
β β βββ Go
β β βββ Java
β β βββ Python
β βββ Databases
β β βββ PostgreSQL
β β βββ MySQL
β β βββ Redis
β β βββ MongoDB
β β βββ Cassandra
β βββ Message Brokers
β β βββ Kafka
β β βββ RabbitMQ
β βββ Networking & Proxy
β β βββ Nginx
β β βββ HAProxy
β βββ Infrastructure
β β βββ Docker
β β βββ Kubernetes
β β βββ Terraform
β βββ Monitoring
β β βββ Prometheus
β β βββ Grafana
β β βββ OpenTelemetry
β βββ API Testing
β β βββ Postman
β β βββ curl
β βββ Architecture Documentation
β βββ Excalidraw
β βββ Draw.io
β βββ Mermaid
β
βββ 24. System Design Practice
β βββ Design Small Systems First
β βββ Design a URL Shortener
β βββ Design a Rate Limiter
β βββ Design a Notification Service
β βββ Design a Chat Application
β βββ Design a News Feed
β βββ Design a Video Streaming Platform
β βββ Design a Ride-Hailing Platform
β βββ Design a Payment Service
β βββ Design a Distributed Cache
β βββ Design a Search Engine
β βββ Design a File Storage Service
β βββ Design a Ticket Booking System
β βββ Design a Real-Time Analytics System
β βββ Document Design Decisions
β βββ Identify Trade-offs
β βββ Review Existing Architectures
β βββ Build End-to-End Projects
β
βββ 25. Mastery & Career Preparation
βββ Architectural Thinking
βββ Breaking Down Complex Problems
βββ Requirement Analysis
βββ Capacity Estimation
βββ Identifying Bottlenecks
βββ Choosing the Right Components
βββ Scalability Trade-offs
βββ Reliability Engineering
βββ Distributed Systems Thinking
βββ Cost Optimization
βββ Security-First Design
βββ Architecture Reviews
βββ Technical Documentation
βββ System Design Interviews
βββ Mock Design Interviews
βββ Real-World Production Experience
βββ Continuous Learning
FINAL GOAL:
Become an Exceptional System Designer
β
βββ Design Scalable Applications
βββ Build Reliable Distributed Systems
βββ Understand Large-Scale Architectures
βββ Make Strong Engineering Trade-offs
βββ Design Systems Used by Millions of Users
Ryan retweeted
Humanity has spent thousands of years developing mathematics to understand what is possible. It would be a remarkable contradiction to abandon that pursuit precisely when mathematics begins giving us extraordinary new instruments of discovery.
Ryan retweeted
Current topics Iβm interested in.
Lab automation
AI for drug discovery
Assay development
AI x biology
Experimental design and optimisation
If you fall into any of these then letβs connect.
Ryan retweeted
Red pill, blue pill... wait, where did this rainbow pill come from? ππ
#RabbitHole
π€ Made with AI
Ryan retweeted
JUST INπ¨: Scientists have captured the first ever high-speed, full-color footage of fusion plasma swirling inside a working reactor.
Readers added context they thought people might want to know
This footage is not breaking news ("JUST IN"). The video was released in 2025 by Tokamak Energy, showing plasma inside their ST40 reactor.
youtu.be/0MW8nkIeCUI
Ryan retweeted
Awakened people are hard to find locally. We're scattered all over the planet, and I don't think that's an accident. We were placed where we are for a reason: to wake up the places around us and carry the Light outward until it all meets as one. I think X plays a part in this phenomenon.
Ryan retweeted
Magic is, in truth, energy that someone decides to direct in a way that's unusual for this simulation and feed with their belief. That's why weirdness attracts magic. The more unusually you move, the more you glitch this simulation. That's how you become a witch or a wizard. β¨οΈ
Ryan retweeted
Death is not necessarily the opposite of life, but a point of transition within its greater process.
When a configuration can no longer sustain itself, existence does not simply become nothing; its arrangements dissolve, its consequences propagate, and new configurations emerge.
The end of a form is not necessarily the end of what moves through it.
Perhaps death is not existence ceasing, but existence changing its arrangement.
π€ Made with AI
