
ALT (a) The percentage co-occurrence of biomass or density hotspots of euphausiids and 7 species of fish modeled in the groundfish sampling area between 2007 and 2018, and (b) co-occurrence of euphausiids with fin whales and humpback whales in 2018 only. Gray color indicated smallest surveyed area which was analyzed (no hotspots were analyzed outside of this due to different species having different surveyed areas). (c) Three-panel schematic focusing on the important ecological areas that are common between species. Different colors represent the depth-gradient association of biomass hotspots between the two groups of species commonly found together. Black arrows indicate typical current direction and strength during summer, showing the shelf-break current (large black arrow) and the Vancouver Island Coastal Current (small black arrow) on the left panel, the direction of upwelling onto the shelf (right panel) and Alaska Current on the bottom-middle panel

ALT Map of Santa Cruz Island showing the distribution of the 100 vegetation monitoring plots established in the early 1990s by Klinger et al. (2002). The plots, each measuring 30 m x 2 m, were selected randomly with logistical considerations, primarily along secondary dirt roads or trails. The locations represent major plant communities across the island, except for the northwest side. The plot distribution reflects stratification across five primary plant communities, including nonnative annual grasslands, coastal scrub, chaparral, pine forest, and woodland.

ALT Summary of evidence of successful biocontrol of purple loosestrife in central New York over time. Modified from Endriss et al. (2022). Establishment success is defined as evidence that biocontrol agents successfully establish, overwinter, and disperse with minimal human intervention following their initial releases (i.e., the treatment is sustainable). Biological success refers to significant declines in the abundance, population growth rate, and/or spread of the target invader in response to biocontrol (Blossey, 2016). Ecological success refers to a significant reduction in (or even reversal of) the negative ecological impacts of the invader in response to biocontrol (Blossey, 2016).

ALT Species-level fisheries-overlap hotspots for white-chinned petrels (Procellaria aequinoctialis) and the contribution of each population to total overlap, during (a) prelaying (October–November), (b) breeding (December–April), and (c) nonbreeding (May–September). Fisheries overlap was calculated for each population and gear type, weighted by population size, summed across gear types, and scaled to a maximum index value of 1. Five fisheries-overlap hotspot regions were identified (indicated by longitudinal gray lines) and the proportion represented by each population is shown by a pie chart, with the size scaled for each region according to the total species-level fisheries overlap. Numbers on the bottom left pie chart indicate the log of the total overlap in each region. Boundaries of Exclusive Economic Zones are shown by dashed gray lines.















