ALT Photographs of common ground cover and barrier treatments included in the meta-analysis: a) straw bale transport by helicopter (2005 School Fire, Washington, USA); b) helimulching dropping (2015, Navia de Suarna, Lugo, Spain); c) aerial hydromulch application (2002 Hayman Fire, Colorado, USA); d) wood shred mulching ground cover frame (2012 Waldo Canyon Fire, Colorado, USA); e) wood strand mulch study plot (2002 Hayman Fire, Colorado, USA); f) wood chips mulch (2006, Soutelo de Montes, Pontevedra, Spain); g) bark strand mulch (2010, Fial das Corzas, Pontevedra, Spain); h) straw bale check dams in an ephemeral channel (2010 Twitchell Canyon Fire, Utah, USA); i) log barriers (2002 Canyon Fire, California, USA); j) straw wattle barrier (2000 Bitterroot Complex Fire, Montana, USA); k) barriers made with shrubs (2006, Soutelo de Montes, Pontevedra, Spain); l) log dam (2015, Cinco Villas, Orés, Spain). From https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103611