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We define homosexuality as a relationship between two people of the same gender. Romans defined sex through power and status, which means that as long as you were the dominant party, your reputation was unaffected.... Although sexual practices are often left out of discussions of history, fact remains that homosexuality in ancient Rome did exist. However, it's not quite as cut and dried as a question of "gay versus straight." Instead, it's a much more complex cultural perspective, in which the approval or disapproval of sexual activity was based upon the social status of the people performing various acts. Society of ancient Rome was extremely patriarchal. For men, determination of masculinity was directly tied to how one displayed Roman concept of virtus. This was one of several ideals that all freeborn Romans tried to follow. Virtus was partly about virtue, but also about self-discipline and ability to govern oneself and others. To take that a step further, active role of imperialism and conquest found in ancient Rome was often discussed in terms of sexual metaphor. Because masculinity was predicated on one's ability to conquer, homosexual activity was viewed in terms of domination. A man taking on perceived dominant or penetrative, role would fall under far less public scrutiny than a man who was being penetrated, or "submissive"; to Romans, action of being "conquered" implied that a man was weak and willing to give up his liberty as a free citizen. It also brought into question his sexual integrity as a whole. Elizabeth Cytko writes; "Bodily autonomy was one of the regulatory norms of sex which helped define one’s status within society... an elite Roman male demonstrated his status because he was not allowed to be beaten, or penetrated." Interestingly, Romans didn't have specific words that meant homosexual or heterosexual. It wasn't gender that determined whether a sexual partner was acceptable, but their social status. Roman censors were a committee of officials who determined where in the social hierarchy someone's family belonged, and occasionally removed individuals from upper ranks of society for sexual misconduct; again, this was based on status rather than gender. In general, same-sex relationships among partners of appropriate social status were considered normal and acceptable. Freeborn Roman men were permitted and even expected, to be interested in sex with partners of both genders. Even once married, a Roman man might continue to maintain relationships with partners other than his spouse. However, it was understood that he was only to have sex with prostitutes, enslaved people, or those who were considered infamia. This was a lower social status assigned by censors to individuals whose legal and social standing had been formally reduced or removed. This group also included entertainers such as gladiators and actors. An infamis could not provide testimony in legal proceedings, and could be subjected to same sorts of corporal punishments usually reserved for enslaved people. Ancient history expert N.S. Gill points out that - "Instead of today's gender orientation, ancient Roman... sexuality can be dichotomized as passive and active. The socially preferred behavior of a male was active; the passive part aligned with the female." While a free Roman man was permitted to have sex with enslaved people, prostitutes, and infames, it was only acceptable if he took dominant or penetrative role. He was not allowed to have sex with other freeborn Roman men, or the wives or children of other free men. In addition, he couldn't have sex with an enslaved person without the enslaver's permission. Although not extensively documented, there were homosexual romantic relationships between Roman men. Most scholars agree that same sex relationships between men of same class existed; however, because there were so many rigid social constructs applied to such relationship, they were kept private. #archaeohistories