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In Scotland, Samhain (Scottish Gaelic: Samhuinn) was traditionally the most important of the year’s seasonal festivals. It marked the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter, the "dark half" of the year, and was observed around 1 November, with celebrations beginning on the evening of 31 October. Fire and Bonfires . Bonfires were at the heart of Scottish Samhain celebrations. Fire was believed to have protective and cleansing powers. Communities gathered around large fires, and in some areas people carried embers home to rekindle their hearth fires for the winter season. This symbolized protection, community, and renewal. The Spirits Walked Abroad . Samhain was considered a liminal time when the boundary between the living world and the Otherworld became thin. People believed that supernatural beings and the spirits of the dead could move more freely among humans. To protect themselves, families might leave offerings of food and drink and take precautions against troublesome spirits. . In Highland folklore, this wasn't necessarily viewed as terrifying. Ancestors could return to visit their families, while other supernatural beings required respect and caution. . Guising: A Scottish Tradition . One of Scotland's best-known Samhain customs was guising, the ancestor of modern trick-or-treating. Children and young people dressed in disguises and went from house to house performing songs, poems, jokes, or tricks in exchange for food, fruit, or treats. This custom may have originated as a way to confuse or imitate supernatural beings abroad on Samhain night. Divination and Fortune-Telling . Predicting the future was a major part of Samhain festivities. Many games involved apples, nuts, and symbolic objects. People sought clues about future marriages, prosperity, and good fortune in the coming year. Later Scottish Halloween traditions included: . Apple bobbing. Pulling kale stalks to predict the character of a future spouse. Burning nuts in the fire to foretell romantic success. Hidden charms in food to predict future events. Many of these customs survived into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Food and Feasting . The harvest was complete, animals had been brought in from summer grazing, and communities gathered to share food before winter began. Samhain was a time of feasting, storytelling, music, and social gatherings. Special foods varied across Scotland, but communal meals were an important element of the celebration. Samhain in the Highlands and Islands . In places such as the Hebrides, Skye, Lewis, and the Highlands, Samhain traditions remained particularly strong. Protective rituals known as saining were sometimes carried out using fire, smoke, or water to bless homes, people, and livestock against misfortune during the dark winter months. Samhain and the Iron Age Scots . Given your interest in brochs and Iron Age Scotland, it's worth imagining Samhain as it might have appeared around a great broch at Mousa or Gurness. The harvest would be safely gathered, cattle driven into shelter, and families assembled inside the thick stone towers. Outside, fires would flicker across the landscape while stories were told of heroes, spirits, and ancestors. For those communities, Samhain was not simply a festival; it was the turning point of the year itself, when winter began and the unseen world seemed closer than at any other time. . Many of the customs we associate with modern Halloween in Scotland, from guising to lanterns and fortune-telling games, have their roots in these much older Samhain traditions.