Hey, testtakers: Are media liberal? Conservative? Centrist? Yes. (This is why "media is..." honks me off.)

Hey, testtakers: This message on X is free for me to send and free for you to read. X makes its money by selling ads. This media economic model, with advertising and not subscribers paying the bills, began in the 1830s with the New York Sun and the "penny press." #LastTip

Hey, testtakers: Want to make money by selling music or books. Expect to get royalties, a percentage of sales. Royalties are for first sales, not "used" copies of books or music. (And artists aren't paid for radio play unless they own publishing rights.)

Hey, testtakers: The Associated Press played a key role in introducing "objective" journalism. But it had as much to do with money than ethics, as sending opinionated info meant alienating papers that didn't share that opinion.

It's always nice when you're "echoed" in an academic paper: "Toward a Theory of Justice for Journalists: Reimagining News Coverage Through the Veil of Ignorance" by UTexas' Deborah M. Pastner in the Journal of Media Ethics.

Here's a brand-new piece from @Poynter about the Cherry Sisters, whom I mention about the First Amendment right to state opinions. From an 1896 review: "Miss Jessie narrowly escaped being pretty, but her sisters never were in any such danger." poynter.org/ethics-trust/202…

Hey, testtakers: Test 2 scores are posted. Average grade was 78.3%, which is better than the first test. See you Wednesday. Read Chapter 5 before class.

Hey, testtakers: Remember PACI to remember the order of protection given to political, artistic, commercial and indecent speech. #LastTip

Hey, testtakers: A true scientific survey cannot be taken of people in an airport lounge. Every person in the group (citizens, students, air travelers) must have an equal chance of being randomly selected.

Hey, testtakers: Had I been a Utah hockey fan and gone to the NHL game last night, I might not have cheered around Blue Jackets fans. That’s “spiral of silence” theory, because we tend to hide our real beliefs when we’re in the minority.

Hey, testtakers: This painting at a Columbus hotel reminds us that images do not make assertions. (You bring your own meaning and interpretation to this image.)

If I write that Columbus-based Nationwide is bad, I cannot be sued. Opinion is protected speech. (Also, it’s not my insurance company.)

Hey, testtakers: An American flag waves next to Ohio’s flag near its Capitol. It’s legal to burn a U.S. flag (that you own) according to a Supreme Court decision. Also: Remember that legal and ethical are not always the same thing.

Hey, testtakers: The SPJ logo on my award is the fixed form of an idea, which means it’s under copyright protection. You cannot use it without @spj_tweets permission.

Hey, testtakers: If news about this team makes you so angry, you may be suffering from cognitive dissonance. (This is one of many mixed-effect theories.)

Hey, testtakers: CNN’s @brianstelter covers the media industry. (He’s talking at @spj_tweets convention.) He knows all five of his First Amendment freedoms. Do you?

Hey, testtakers: At the SPJ convention to promote passage of its new Code of Ethics, which I helped write. And also, I remind you that it may be unethical to not make a decision in an ethics-related dilemma. (Or: Evil triumphs when good people do nothing.)

Hey, testtakers: If you think you know Arnold Schwarzenegger but you really don’t know him except for movies, that would be an example of parasocial interaction. Greetings from Columbus, Ohio!

Alabama has elected a new pope. #RollTide

That was a quick quarter-century ago.