Deus Rex

Kaspa. Pure proof-of-work blockDAG at 10 blocks per second. Transactions appear nearly instantly and reach high-confidence probabilistic settlement in a few seconds. Fees are typically fractions of a cent, so a $2 payment settles cheaply and finally on L1 with no layer 2.

Kaspa ranks first: pure PoW P2P, near-zero fees, inclusion in ~0.1s, practical safety in 1-10s. Matches the whitepaper’s everyday payments and no-merchant-wait goals best. Bitcoin Cash second: same PoW P2P, very low fees and high capacity enable reliable 0-conf for small retail; full safety still ~10 min for a block. Bitcoin third: strongest hashrate, but base layer remains slow (10-60 min for safe acceptance) and less practical for small tx without Lightning.

Bitcoin and Litecoin use single-chain Nakamoto consensus: one parent per block, orphans discarded. Faster intervals raise orphan rates and dilute security. Litecoin’s 2.5 min is a modest parameter tweak. Kaspa’s BlockDAG + GHOSTDAG lets blocks reference multiple parents. Parallel blocks stay, ordered by connectivity into a blue set. This yields 10 BPS while keeping the 51% threshold, as the PHANTOM/GHOSTDAG paper proves—no traditional speed-security trade-off. Kaspa is the clear leader in pure PoW scalability innovation. Absolute economic security still favors Bitcoin’s scale and history.