Whenever we talk about Africa's developmental dilemma, we often hear that the problem is weak institutions. But this raises an important question.... how do strong institutions come into being in the first place? What is lost on most people is that the Western liberal democracies that we desperately admire and are attempting to emulate did not start as full democracies. They conveniently want us to forget that until a few decades ago many of them were ruled by monarchs. Their state capacity was built through earlier periods of consolidation brought about by royal/imperial decree. This is not a trivial issue. Indeed, Europe's states were hammered into shape over centuries through monarchies and empires that centralized authority, imposed common laws, built taxation systems, and forged national identities through violence and coercion. The same is true for East Asia. Japan's Meiji Restoration in the late 1800s concentrated authority in the hands of the Emperor who drove rapid institutional and economic reform before mass democracy took hold. Even China, after decades of fragmentation and war, achieved territorial and administrative reconsolidation under a strong centralized state. In their case they are yet to be fully democratic so maybe I shouldn't even bring them up. But we could add Malaysia, South Korea, Singapore to the list. Malaysia and Singapore both started as parliamentary democracies post independence but realised it didn't work so they both became single party de facto dictatorships. Mahathir Mohamad built a strong Malaysian state apparatus, a development bureaucracy, industrial policy, and planning bodies that did outlast him. Lee Kuan Yew and his government built a state that didn't depend on Lee personally. He left office, and the machinery kept running - with a capable civil service, strong agencies, and statutory boards. South Korea was authoritarian for decades and only made a democratic turn in 1987. Today they more more democratic and have strong institutions. As you can see, historically, concentrated power has almost always preceded the creation of the very institutions that later make stable democracy possible. Africa skipped this stage completely. Colonial borders created African states that contain many peoples of varying ethnicities, with distinct languages, histories, and loyalties. Independence delivered the States, but not Nations in the deeper political sense. African countries are being expected to democratise, build national identity, extend state authority, build institutions, and deliver development all at once. This is like asking a baby to run a marathon before it can even crawl! Family, clan, and tribe have thus unfortunately remained the most reliable institutions of trust in Africa. Why? Because when the state feels fragile, distant, or incompetent, people will naturally gravitate towards those age-old networks. And once you introduce electoral politics under these conditions, patronage and nepotism become survival strategies that inevitably undermine the building of impartial national institutions that are necessary for a functional democracy. Why didn't Africa have its Lee Kuan Yew? Post independence Africa DID produce its own would-be nationbuilders. Leaders who sought to break with colonial legacies, and wished to rapidly transform their countries. But many of these revolutionary projects were built around that single leader's vision. And when that leader fell, whether through death, overthrow, or exit, there was no institutional foundation to carry forward and sustain what little progress was achieved under his rule. Our countries thus fell into a repeating pattern... each presidential successor, convinced that his vision alone is what will redeem the state, dismantles what came before. So the country hits reset, again and again, repeatedly rebuilding the machinery of state instead of accumulating institutional momentum.

I'm okay with warlords if after capturing power they outsource the management of their critical sectors to capable entities or individuals. Personally I'm not hellbent on African countries having democracy.

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Best to be at the airport 2 hours before check-in

They just want to hate the West so they pay you lip service. I wouldn't be surprised if that $14 is mostly guns and maybe some grain.

Credit to Deng Xioping for the reforms that overhauled Mao's disastrous "Great Leap Forward" which impoverished China and killed tens of millions.

Pan Africanists: Western controlled puppets ruling us don't allow free speech in Africa. We are not allowed to criticise them without consequences 😢 Also Pan Africanists: Haha! Mbappe has learned that criticising Mao Zedong has consequences. Never speak ill of their dear leader 😂 🤡🤡🤡🤡 Meanwhile Mao:

Community Notes corrects a Communist lol

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