This was extremely interesting
Lex Fridman@lexfridmanSep 17United States
United StatesConnected via United States App StoreAccount-level information, not a live location or per-post device.
Here's my conversation with Andrew Scull, all about psychiatry, its long history from Freud/Jung to today, including asylums, icepick lobotomies, electroshock therapy, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and some horrific treatments that were considered mainstream where doctors injected patients with malaria, induced insulin comas, and pulled out their teeth, all in the name of curing madness.
There are a lot of lessons to learn from history here. One of the most important for me is just how incredibly complex the human mind is, and how hard the task is of understanding & treating the nearly infinite ways it can stumble/faulter.
Humans are amazing. In part, because our minds are such a damn complicated mess.
It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment).
Timestamps:
0:00 - Introduction
1:20 - Crisis in Psychiatry
30:58 - Categories of Mental Illness
38:17 - Asylums, Eugenics, and the Nazis
50:23 - The Ice Pick Lobotomy
56:36 - Malaria "Cure" for Syphilis
1:14:52 - Insulin Coma Therapy
1:22:44 - Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
1:42:13 - One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
1:59:45 - Freud and Psychoanalysis
2:29:40 - WWII and Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
2:50:14 - Antipsychotics
3:13:35 - Antidepressants
3:26:29 - Future of Psychiatry
With God all things are possible.
Lex Fridman@lexfridmanSep 17United States
United StatesConnected via United States App StoreAccount-level information, not a live location or per-post device.
Here's my conversation with Andrew Scull, all about psychiatry, its long history from Freud/Jung to today, including asylums, icepick lobotomies, electroshock therapy, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and some horrific treatments that were considered mainstream where doctors injected patients with malaria, induced insulin comas, and pulled out their teeth, all in the name of curing madness.
There are a lot of lessons to learn from history here. One of the most important for me is just how incredibly complex the human mind is, and how hard the task is of understanding & treating the nearly infinite ways it can stumble/faulter.
Humans are amazing. In part, because our minds are such a damn complicated mess.
It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment).
Timestamps:
0:00 - Introduction
1:20 - Crisis in Psychiatry
30:58 - Categories of Mental Illness
38:17 - Asylums, Eugenics, and the Nazis
50:23 - The Ice Pick Lobotomy
56:36 - Malaria "Cure" for Syphilis
1:14:52 - Insulin Coma Therapy
1:22:44 - Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
1:42:13 - One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
1:59:45 - Freud and Psychoanalysis
2:29:40 - WWII and Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
2:50:14 - Antipsychotics
3:13:35 - Antidepressants
3:26:29 - Future of Psychiatry
The core idea—tear down the inherited “box” and redesign the entire system—runs straight from SpaceX to Tesla’s Giga Casting and Unboxed Process. That is the origin of the manufacturing revolution.
In 2018, SpaceX discarded the industry’s box-shaped satellite and its separate dispenser. Satellites were stacked like a deck of cards on a flat tray, packed to the rocket’s volume and mass limit. In orbit, the rocket itself spins, and centrifugal force peels the satellites off one by one. No heavy dispenser. Sixty satellites per launch.
That same first-principles move—delete the old assumption—now drives Tesla. For a century, a car body was a welded box of hundreds of parts. Giga Casting forms the front and rear in single giant castings, slashing part count, welding robots, and factory floor space. The satellite box became a tray; the car body became a casting.
The Unboxed Process attacks the production-line box nobody questioned for a hundred years. Instead of people and robots climbing inside a half-finished body-in-white on a conveyor, Tesla finishes large modules—paint, interior, everything—while they are still open and flat, then joins them at the end like a model kit.
The meeting where Musk fired the satellite team mid-presentation was not a fight over engineering skill. It was improvement versus revolution. The old textbook box was local optimization. It could never scale to blanket the planet. That cold decision was the starting point of the same system-level thinking now visible in Giga Casting and the Unboxed Process: no inherited rule is sacred. Break the box. Redesign the system. Repeat.
@elonmusk @SpaceX @Tesla @Starlink @xAI @X @lexfridman
⏬🙌🔎🔍👀👇
Lex Fridman@lexfridmanSep 17United States
United StatesConnected via United States App StoreAccount-level information, not a live location or per-post device.
Here's my conversation with Andrew Scull, all about psychiatry, its long history from Freud/Jung to today, including asylums, icepick lobotomies, electroshock therapy, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and some horrific treatments that were considered mainstream where doctors injected patients with malaria, induced insulin comas, and pulled out their teeth, all in the name of curing madness.
There are a lot of lessons to learn from history here. One of the most important for me is just how incredibly complex the human mind is, and how hard the task is of understanding & treating the nearly infinite ways it can stumble/faulter.
Humans are amazing. In part, because our minds are such a damn complicated mess.
It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment).
Timestamps:
0:00 - Introduction
1:20 - Crisis in Psychiatry
30:58 - Categories of Mental Illness
38:17 - Asylums, Eugenics, and the Nazis
50:23 - The Ice Pick Lobotomy
56:36 - Malaria "Cure" for Syphilis
1:14:52 - Insulin Coma Therapy
1:22:44 - Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
1:42:13 - One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
1:59:45 - Freud and Psychoanalysis
2:29:40 - WWII and Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
2:50:14 - Antipsychotics
3:13:35 - Antidepressants
3:26:29 - Future of Psychiatry
A tour de force with Andrew Scull. What a chilling conversation. It made me deeply understand the value of skepticism. I can’t help but think what we do today 100 years from now we will look back on with regret and surprise.
Lex Fridman@lexfridmanSep 17United States
United StatesConnected via United States App StoreAccount-level information, not a live location or per-post device.
Here's my conversation with Andrew Scull, all about psychiatry, its long history from Freud/Jung to today, including asylums, icepick lobotomies, electroshock therapy, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and some horrific treatments that were considered mainstream where doctors injected patients with malaria, induced insulin comas, and pulled out their teeth, all in the name of curing madness.
There are a lot of lessons to learn from history here. One of the most important for me is just how incredibly complex the human mind is, and how hard the task is of understanding & treating the nearly infinite ways it can stumble/faulter.
Humans are amazing. In part, because our minds are such a damn complicated mess.
It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment).
Timestamps:
0:00 - Introduction
1:20 - Crisis in Psychiatry
30:58 - Categories of Mental Illness
38:17 - Asylums, Eugenics, and the Nazis
50:23 - The Ice Pick Lobotomy
56:36 - Malaria "Cure" for Syphilis
1:14:52 - Insulin Coma Therapy
1:22:44 - Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
1:42:13 - One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
1:59:45 - Freud and Psychoanalysis
2:29:40 - WWII and Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
2:50:14 - Antipsychotics
3:13:35 - Antidepressants
3:26:29 - Future of Psychiatry
I just finished Lex’s conversation with Andrew Scull.
I teach a lot of this: old certainties, treatments that looked like progress and were not and the limits of what we still reach for. Hearing it as history, not slogan, is what made it land.
Lex asked whether AI and psychoanalysis could ever meet in a way that actually helps. Perhaps as something that takes inner life seriously enough that a person feels less alone. If so, we aren’t quite there yet. Therabot, a clinician-built model from 2025, is the closest clinical evidence so far. Symptoms eased. People rated the alliance almost like a human therapist. That helps, but it’s not the analytic room and it’s not the same as being known by another person which is part of what heals.
What stayed with me was the end of the pod. Lex’s words for people who are struggling were simple and needed. The mind is difficult and that’s not a personal failure. Thank you for leaving hope as well as history🙏❤️
September is Suicide Prevention Month. If you’re in that difficulty now, you don’t have to carry it alone. UK: Samaritans, 116 123, free, any time. US and many international callers: 988. It’s not weak to speak❤️
If you watched the podcast, what stayed with you?
Lex Fridman@lexfridmanSep 17United States
United StatesConnected via United States App StoreAccount-level information, not a live location or per-post device.
Here's my conversation with Andrew Scull, all about psychiatry, its long history from Freud/Jung to today, including asylums, icepick lobotomies, electroshock therapy, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and some horrific treatments that were considered mainstream where doctors injected patients with malaria, induced insulin comas, and pulled out their teeth, all in the name of curing madness.
There are a lot of lessons to learn from history here. One of the most important for me is just how incredibly complex the human mind is, and how hard the task is of understanding & treating the nearly infinite ways it can stumble/faulter.
Humans are amazing. In part, because our minds are such a damn complicated mess.
It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment).
Timestamps:
0:00 - Introduction
1:20 - Crisis in Psychiatry
30:58 - Categories of Mental Illness
38:17 - Asylums, Eugenics, and the Nazis
50:23 - The Ice Pick Lobotomy
56:36 - Malaria "Cure" for Syphilis
1:14:52 - Insulin Coma Therapy
1:22:44 - Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
1:42:13 - One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
1:59:45 - Freud and Psychoanalysis
2:29:40 - WWII and Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
2:50:14 - Antipsychotics
3:13:35 - Antidepressants
3:26:29 - Future of Psychiatry
3h37m episode. Auto speed brings it down to 2h38m.
Watching it on Lex Speedman.
Lex Fridman@lexfridmanSep 17United States
United StatesConnected via United States App StoreAccount-level information, not a live location or per-post device.
Here's my conversation with Andrew Scull, all about psychiatry, its long history from Freud/Jung to today, including asylums, icepick lobotomies, electroshock therapy, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and some horrific treatments that were considered mainstream where doctors injected patients with malaria, induced insulin comas, and pulled out their teeth, all in the name of curing madness.
There are a lot of lessons to learn from history here. One of the most important for me is just how incredibly complex the human mind is, and how hard the task is of understanding & treating the nearly infinite ways it can stumble/faulter.
Humans are amazing. In part, because our minds are such a damn complicated mess.
It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment).
Timestamps:
0:00 - Introduction
1:20 - Crisis in Psychiatry
30:58 - Categories of Mental Illness
38:17 - Asylums, Eugenics, and the Nazis
50:23 - The Ice Pick Lobotomy
56:36 - Malaria "Cure" for Syphilis
1:14:52 - Insulin Coma Therapy
1:22:44 - Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
1:42:13 - One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
1:59:45 - Freud and Psychoanalysis
2:29:40 - WWII and Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
2:50:14 - Antipsychotics
3:13:35 - Antidepressants
3:26:29 - Future of Psychiatry
The enigma of the mind deepens!
Lex Fridman@lexfridmanSep 17United States
United StatesConnected via United States App StoreAccount-level information, not a live location or per-post device.
Here's my conversation with Andrew Scull, all about psychiatry, its long history from Freud/Jung to today, including asylums, icepick lobotomies, electroshock therapy, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and some horrific treatments that were considered mainstream where doctors injected patients with malaria, induced insulin comas, and pulled out their teeth, all in the name of curing madness.
There are a lot of lessons to learn from history here. One of the most important for me is just how incredibly complex the human mind is, and how hard the task is of understanding & treating the nearly infinite ways it can stumble/faulter.
Humans are amazing. In part, because our minds are such a damn complicated mess.
It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment).
Timestamps:
0:00 - Introduction
1:20 - Crisis in Psychiatry
30:58 - Categories of Mental Illness
38:17 - Asylums, Eugenics, and the Nazis
50:23 - The Ice Pick Lobotomy
56:36 - Malaria "Cure" for Syphilis
1:14:52 - Insulin Coma Therapy
1:22:44 - Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
1:42:13 - One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
1:59:45 - Freud and Psychoanalysis
2:29:40 - WWII and Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
2:50:14 - Antipsychotics
3:13:35 - Antidepressants
3:26:29 - Future of Psychiatry
Interesting podcast on the state of psychiatry
Lex Fridman@lexfridmanSep 17United States
United StatesConnected via United States App StoreAccount-level information, not a live location or per-post device.
Here's my conversation with Andrew Scull, all about psychiatry, its long history from Freud/Jung to today, including asylums, icepick lobotomies, electroshock therapy, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and some horrific treatments that were considered mainstream where doctors injected patients with malaria, induced insulin comas, and pulled out their teeth, all in the name of curing madness.
There are a lot of lessons to learn from history here. One of the most important for me is just how incredibly complex the human mind is, and how hard the task is of understanding & treating the nearly infinite ways it can stumble/faulter.
Humans are amazing. In part, because our minds are such a damn complicated mess.
It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment).
Timestamps:
0:00 - Introduction
1:20 - Crisis in Psychiatry
30:58 - Categories of Mental Illness
38:17 - Asylums, Eugenics, and the Nazis
50:23 - The Ice Pick Lobotomy
56:36 - Malaria "Cure" for Syphilis
1:14:52 - Insulin Coma Therapy
1:22:44 - Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
1:42:13 - One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
1:59:45 - Freud and Psychoanalysis
2:29:40 - WWII and Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
2:50:14 - Antipsychotics
3:13:35 - Antidepressants
3:26:29 - Future of Psychiatry










