This chart illustrates why Indonesia's biggest labor market challenge is no longer creating jobs, but creating quality jobs. On the surface, Indonesia's unemployment rate is relatively low at just 5%, suggesting the labor market is healthy. However, a closer look reveals that employment quality remains weak, with informality dominating much of the workforce and leaving millions without adequate income security or social protection. Of Indonesia's 144 million workers, only 64 million are wage earners. Even within this group, fewer than half have written employment contracts. More concerning, having a formal contract does not necessarily guarantee decent employment. Among workers with written contracts, half still earn below the minimum wage, while among those without written contracts, more than 80% earn below the minimum wage. Low wages therefore remain a widespread problem even for many who are technically employed. Social protection is equally uneven. Workers with written contracts who earn above the minimum wage generally enjoy relatively good benefit coverage, with over 90% receiving at least one employment benefit. However, coverage deteriorates rapidly outside this group. Workers earning below the minimum wage are significantly less likely to receive benefits, while those without written contracts are overwhelmingly excluded from unemployment protection, retirement benefits and workplace insurance. Millions therefore remain highly vulnerable to economic shocks despite participating in the labor force. The picture is even more striking among Indonesia's 54 million self-employed workers. Only around 17% pay income tax, implying that the vast majority operate outside the formal tax system. Pension participation is extremely limited, with only around 8% of taxpayers contributing to a pension scheme, while among those who do not pay tax, pension participation falls to just 4%. Insurance coverage is similarly low. This highlights the sheer size of Indonesia's informal economy, where businesses remain small, largely unregistered and disconnected from both the tax system and social security network. These structural characteristics have important macroeconomic implications. A highly informal labor market suppresses productivity because firms tend to remain small, invest less in technology and employee training, and face greater barriers to accessing formal financing. At the same time, a narrow tax base limits government revenue, reducing the state's ability to fund education, healthcare, infrastructure and comprehensive social protection. Weak social protection then discourages both firms and workers from entering the formal economy, creating a self-reinforcing cycle of informality. This is why Indonesia's long-term challenge extends well beyond attracting foreign investment or achieving higher GDP growth. Sustainable prosperity ultimately depends on expanding productive formal employment. Policies that simplify business formalization, reduce the cost of hiring formal workers, strengthen vocational education, improve labor market flexibility, broaden the tax base and enhance the value of social protection will likely generate greater long-term economic returns than focusing solely on headline investment or growth figures. Indonesia's Golden 2045 vision will therefore be determined not simply by how many jobs the economy creates, but by how many workers transition from low-productivity informal employment into higher-productivity formal jobs that provide stable incomes, stronger social protection and rising living standards.