
ALT Sleep duration (x axis) exhibits nonlinear U-shaped relationships with 9 out of 23 BAGs across 17 organs and 3 omics types (y axis; units are normalized years based on the selected distribution): 11 ProtBAGs for plasma proteomics, 5 MetBAGs for plasma metabolomics and 7 MRIBAGs for in vivo MRI data. For each BAG, we fitted a GAM with cubic regression splines to assess the association between sleep duration and BAG, stratified by sex and sex–sleep interaction term. The solid curves depict the estimated BAG, while shaded bands represent the 95% CI. Significant signals (two-sided P < 0.05/23) are shown with asterisks. Sample-specific BAG minimum values (in hours) of sleep duration are displayed separately for male and female individuals.

































