
Lex Fridman@lexfridmanJun 30
United States
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Here's my conversation with Anthony Kaldellis about the deep history of the Roman Empire in the west and the east (the Byzantine Empire). This was a truly fascinating conversation with a lot of wisdom for the modern world and for the future of human civilization. The Roman state lasted over 2,200 years. If we want to understand human nature, the modern world, and how humanity can flourish, it is valuable to study history, especially the history of why societies survive and why they collapse.
It's here on X in full and is up everywhere else (see comment).
Timestamps:
0:00 - Episode highlight
1:24 - Introduction
1:51 - The Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire
5:49 - 2,200 Years of Roman History
26:12 - Power, violence, and civil war
47:27 - Edict of Caracalla
1:00:23 - Crisis of the Third Century
1:14:52 - Constantine and the new Roman Empire
1:26:53 - Christianity in the Roman Empire
1:52:21 - Fall of the Western Roman Empire
2:05:17 - Eunuchs, Taxes, and Power
2:30:24 - Emperor Justinian and wars of conquest
2:47:26 - The Arab conquests
3:07:01 - Why the Roman empire survived so long
3:33:08 - Lessons from history
Jun 30, 2026 · 10:10 PM UTC

Lex Fridman@lexfridmanJun 30
United States
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Here's the links for my conversation with Anthony Kaldellis:
YouTube: youtube.com/watch?v=pv1TUJSE…
Spotify: open.spotify.com/show/2MAi0B…
Podcast: lexfridman.com/podcast
@grok please summarize the reasons of the rise and decline of Roman Empire according to the conversation
Lex Fridman (≈1:28:50):
So let’s talk about the conversion to Christianity. I think this is a pivotal moment in the history of the Roman Empire, and especially the East Roman Empire. So what was Constantine’s conversion like? Was it genuine? Was it political? What do we know about it?
Anthony Kaldellis (≈1:29:10):
So Constantine’s conversion is a fascinating story, and it’s one of those things that’s been debated endlessly. But let’s start with what we know. In 312 AD, he’s about to fight this major battle at the Milvian Bridge against Maxentius, who controls Rome. And according to the main source, which is the historian Lactantius, Constantine has a vision. He sees a cross of light in the sky with the words “In this sign, you will conquer.” And he’s told to put a Christian symbol on his soldiers’ shields. Now, whether this was a genuine religious experience or a political calculation, we don’t know for sure. But after the battle, which he wins decisively, he credits the Christian God. He starts favoring Christians, lifts persecutions, and eventually gets baptized on his deathbed in 337.
Good stuff. Also, there's so much daily talk in the U.S. about sl@very that I wish you would interview an expert in the historical sl@ve trade so they can reveal how it was black African kings and queens who sold their fellow Africans into slavery to fuel the worldwide surge of black sl@ves around the globe.
This is THE greatest novel on the subject ever made:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Da…
Clinging to old diplomatic formats based purely on raw power politics is a path to self-annihilation. True PEACE requires an ethico-evolutionary shift toward a world of values, a paradigm established in my Tractatus Politico-Philosophicus (Routledge 2017). My blueprint for a value-based global order, a demilitarized New Palestine, and a secure New Israel is live. I invite you to read my comprehensive REALISM and human EVOLUTION articles directly on my profile @polishthought and explore my peer-reviewed books (Routledge 2017 & 2026). Frameworks: bit.ly/Realism2026 & bit.ly/Tractatus2017
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The International Coalition for Human Rights Organizations.
Statement of Condemnation and Strong Denunciation.
Brussels, 31 July 2026.
Airstrike Targeting Civilians in Shirshar Area, North Kordofan State.
The International Coalition for Human Rights Organizations expresses its strongest condemnation and profound concern over the horrific aerial attack that targeted unarmed civilians in the Shirshar area, located within the West Bara locality of North Kordofan State.
This dangerous escalation represents a flagrant assault on the right to life and a grave violation of the principles and rules of international humanitarian law and international human rights law.
Based on consistent testimonies and documented information gathered and verified by the Coalition, a military Antonov aircraft reportedly took off from Wadi Seidna Air Base at approximately 13:30 local time. At around 14:20, the aircraft was observed flying over North Kordofan State in the direction of the West Bara locality, followed by a series of aerial strikes that directly targeted the Shirshar area.
The strikes resulted in civilian casualties. Photographs and video footage reviewed in connection with the incident reportedly show deeply distressing and disturbing scenes of civilian victims, including women and children.
In light of these grave violations and attacks affecting civilian lives and populated areas, the International Coalition for Human Rights Organizations calls for the following urgent measures:-
- We categorically call upon the Independent Fact-Finding Mission to gain immediate and unhindered access to the sites of the attacks, collect and preserve relevant evidence, document the circumstances surrounding the incident and interview survivors and witnesses.
- We stress the urgent need to establish legal and criminal responsibility for any violations committed against civilians, in accordance with applicable international law and to ensure that those responsible are held accountable and that impunity is not allowed to prevail.
- We call upon all parties to the conflict to strictly uphold the principle of distinction between civilians and combatants and to take all feasible precautions to protect civilians and civilian objects from the effects of military operations.
- We urge local residents, survivors, humanitarian workers, and other relevant actors to preserve any physical or digital evidence related to the incident, where doing so can be undertaken safely.
- We further emphasize the importance of preserving the integrity of the attack sites, avoiding any unnecessary disturbance or alteration of evidence where safe and practicable, and documenting relevant facts through available means in order to support future accountability and justice processes.
- The deliberate or indiscriminate targeting of civilians can never be justified on military or political grounds.
- The protection of civilian life is an obligation under international law and violations must be subject to effective investigation and accountability.
The International Coalition for Human Rights Organizations reaffirms its commitment to monitoring and documenting violations, following developments related to this incident and supporting efforts aimed at ensuring justice, accountability and effective remedies for the victims and their families.
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Advancing Human Rights • Peace • Justice
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